Sultanate of Ternate
Sultanate of Ternate or also known as the Kingdom Gapi is one of four Islamic kingdom in the Maluku Islands and is one of the oldest Islamic kingdom in the archipelago. Founded by Baab Mashur Malamo in 1257. Sultanate of Ternate has an important role in the eastern part of the archipelago between the 13th century until the 17th century. Sultanate of Ternate enjoy the glories half of the 16th century thanks to the spice trade and military power. In the heyday of his power extends include Maluku, Sulawesi, northern, eastern and central southern part of the Philippine archipelago as far as the Marshall Islands in the Pacific.
Origin
Gapi Island (now Ternate) started bustling in the early 13th century. Ternate initial population is a national exodus of Halmahera. Initially there are four villages in Ternate, each headed by a momole (clan head). They were the first to make contact with the traders who come from all directions in search of spices. Ternate increasingly heterogeneous population with bermukimnya Arab traders, Javanese, Malay and Chinese. Therefore, trading activity is increasingly crowded plus threats often come from the pirates then initiated Momole Guna Tobona leaders held deliberations to form a stronger organization and appoint a single leader as king.
1257 Momole Ciko Sampalu leaders elected and appointed Kolano (king) with a first degree Mashur Malamo Baab (1257-1272). Gapi kingdom centered in the village of Ternate, in the subsequent development of increasingly large and crowded that people called also as Gam Lamo or large village (later the call Gam Lamo with Gamalama). The greater and the popularity of Ternate, so then people would rather say that the kingdom of Ternate than Gapi kingdom. Under the leadership of the next several generations of rulers, Ternate grown from a kingdom just berwilayahkan a small island kingdom became influential and the largest in the eastern part of Indonesia, particularly the Moluccas.
The structure of the Kingdom
In the early days of Ternate tribe led by momole. After forming the kingdom of leadership positions held by a king called Kolano. Starting in the mid-15th century, Islam was adopted in total by the kingdom and the application of Islamic law is enforced. Sultan Zainal Abidin leave Kolano title and replace it with the title of sultan. The scholars became an important figure in the kingdom.
After the sultan as supreme leader, there are positions jogugu (prime minister) and fala raha as advisors. Fala raha or four homes are the four noble clans that became the backbone of the empire as a representation of the momole in the past, each headed by a kimalaha. They are Marasaoli, Tomagola, Tomaito and Tamadi. High-ranking officers sultanate generally derived from these clans. When a sultan has no heir then the successor selected from one clan. Furthermore, there are positions - other positions Bobato Nyagimoi se Tufkange (Council 18), Sabua Raha, Capita Lau, Salahakan, Sangaji, etc.
Moloku Kie Raha
In addition to Ternate, in the Moluccas there are also at least three other kingdoms which have the effect that Tidore Sultanate, the Sultanate Jailolo, and Bacan islands. These kingdoms are rivals in gaining hegemony Ternate in the Moluccas. Thanks to the spice trade Ternate enjoyed impressive economic growth, and to strengthen its hegemony in the Moluccas, Ternate was expanding. This has led to resentment and jealousy enlarge another kingdom in the Maluku Ternate regard as a common enemy to trigger a war.
In order to stop the protracted conflict, the Sultan of Ternate 7th Kolano Cili Aiya also called Arif Malamo Kolano Sida (1322-1331) kings Maluku invite others to make peace and to consult formed an alliance. This alliance became known as Moti Persekutan or Motir Verbond. Important points of this meeting in addition to the establishment of a partnership is uniformity in the institutional form of the kingdom in Maluku. Therefore, this meeting was attended by four kings Maluku strongest it is also known as communion Moloku Kie Raha (Four Mountains Maluku).
The arrival of Portugal and the Civil War
In the reign of Sultan Bayanullah (1500-1521), Ternate is growing, people are required to dress Islamically, boat building techniques and weapons obtained from Arabs and Turks used to reinforce Ternate. In this period also came the first Europeans in the Moluccas, Loedwijk de Bartomo (Ludovico Varthema) in 1506.
1512 Portugal for the first time set foot in Ternate under the leadership of Francisco Serrao, with the consent of the sovereign, Portugal allowed to set up trading posts in Ternate. Portugal came not solely to trade but to controlling the trade in spices, nutmeg and cloves in the Moluccas. For that first they have to conquer Ternate.
Sultan Bayanullah died leaving heirs who are still very young. Sultan's widow, the Queen and Prince Taruwese Nukila, brother of the deceased sultan acted as regent. Nukila empress whose origin Tidore Ternate and Tidore uniting under one crown which is one of his two sons, Prince Hidayat (later Sultan Dayalu) and prince of Abu Hayat (later Sultan Abu Hayat II). While the prince Tarruwese wants the throne for himself.
Portugal take advantage of this opportunity and pitting them until civil war broke out. Kubu consort prince Nukila supported Tidore while Taruwese supported Portugal. After winning the prince Taruwese actually betrayed and murdered Portugal. Governor Portugal acted as a royal advisor and the impact they have managed to persuade the prince's royal council to appoint Tabariji as sultan. But when Sultan Tabariji start hostile, he was vilified and banished to Goa, India. There he forced Portugal to sign the agreement to make Ternate as a Christian kingdom and vassal kingdom of Portugal, but the agreement was rejected by Sultan Khairun (1534-1570).
expulsion Portugal
Treatment Portugal on the brothers made Sultan Khairun furious and determined to expel Portuguese from the Moluccas. Actions of the Western nations which also raises the anger of the people who ended up standing behind Sultan Khairun. Since the time of the sultan Bayanullah, Ternate has become one of the three most powerful sultanate and a major Islamic center in the archipelago of the 16th century other than Aceh and Demak after the fall of Malacca in 1511. The trio formed the Triple Alliance to stem lunge Portugal in the archipelago.
Do not want to be second Malacca sultan Khairun waged war expulsion of Portugal. Portugal notch when it was already very strong, in addition to the castle and pouch strength across Maluku they also have indigenous allies that could be deployed to block Ternate. With the Aceh and Demak which continue to threaten the position of Portugal in Malacca, Portugal in Maluku difficulty getting reinforcements until forced to beg peace to the Sultan Khairun. Cunningly governor Portugal, Lopez de Mesquita invited Sultan Khairun to the negotiating table and ultimately ruthlessly murder sultan who came without bodyguards.
Murder Sultan Khairun further encourage people to get rid Portugal Ternate, Maluku now supports even the entire leadership and the struggle of Sultan Baabullah (1570-1583), Portugal outposts throughout eastern Indonesia Maluku and battered. After the war for 5 years, Portugal finally leaving the Moluccas for good in 1575. Under the leadership of Sultan Baabullah, Ternate reached heyday, the region extending from North Sulawesi and Central in the west to the Marshall Islands in the east, from the southern Philippines in the north until the Nusa Tenggara islands in the south.
Baabullah dubbed ruler Sultan 72 islands of which were inhabited up to make the Sultanate of Ternate as the biggest Islamic kingdom in eastern Indonesia, in addition to Aceh and Demak which controls the western and central region of the archipelago at the time. Keemasaan period of three empire during the 14th and 15th century, whether intentionally or not neglected in this nation's history when they are the first to stem the pillars of Western colonialism.
Dutch arrival
After the death of Sultan Baabullah, Ternate began to weaken, the Kingdom of Spain which has been united with Portugal in 1580 tried to regain control by attacking Ternate Maluku. With the new power Spain strengthens its position in the Philippines, Ternate was established alliances with Mindanao for Spain but failed to dispel, even Sultan Said Barakati successful Spanish prisoner and exiled to Manila.
Suffered defeat after defeat forced Ternate ask for help Netherlands in 1603. Ternate finally managed to hold Spain but the rewards are very expensive. The Netherlands finally slowly mastering Ternate. On June 26, 1607 the Sultan of Ternate signed a contract
People's Resistance Fall of Maluku and Ternate
The longer the grip and influence of the Dutch on Ternate getting stronger. Netherlands freely issued regulations detrimental to the people in the command of the sultan. Dutch brash attitude and the attitude of the sultan who tend to be obedient to lead to disappointment all circles. Throughout the 17th century, there were at least 4 uprising waged nobles and the people of Maluku Ternate.
In 1635, to facilitate control and spices prices slumped mengatrol Netherlands decided to do large-scale felling of trees cloves and nutmeg across Maluku or better known as Hongi Tochten that causes people waging resistance. In 1641, led by the young king Ambon, Salahakan Luhu, tens of thousands of joint forces Ternate, Hitu and Makassar demolish various Dutch position in Central Maluku. Salahakan Luhu later arrested and executed along with his entire family on 16 June 1643. The struggle then followed by brothers-in-law Luhu, Capita Hitu Kakiali and Tolukabessi until 1646.
By 1650, the nobles waged resistance in Ternate Ternate and Ambon, the revolt triggered an attitude Sultan Mandarsyah (1648-1650,1655-1675) is too familiar and are considered likely to placate the Netherlands. The nobles conspired to lower the sultan. Three of the main rebel prince trio Saidi, Majira and Kalamata. Prince capita Saidi is a sea or supreme commander of the troops of Ternate, Prince Majira was viceroy Ambon while Prince Kalamata is the sister of sultan Mandarsyah. Saidi and Majira led insurgency in Central Maluku while Prince Kalamata joined the king of Gowa Sultanate, Sultan Hasanuddin. They had even managed to lose the Sultan Mandarsyah of the throne and raised Manilha Sultan (1650-1655), but thanks to the help of the Dutch position Mandarsyah reinstated. After 5 years of rebellion Saidi et al extinguished. Prince Saidi was brutally tortured to death while Prince Majira and Kalamata receive forgiveness sultan and live in exile.
Sultan Muhammad Nurul Islam, better known by the name of Sultan ciborium (1675 - 1691) felt uncomfortable with the Dutch actions were arbitrary. He later allied with the ruling Abdulrahman Datuk Mindanao, but the attempt to join forces to less than the maximum because the strategic areas that can be relied upon for base resistance already fallen into the hands of the Netherlands by the various agreements made predecessors. He was beaten and forcibly removed to Jailolo. July 7, 1683 Date Sultan ciborium was forced to sign an agreement that essentially makes Ternate as a dependent kingdom Netherlands. This agreement ended a Ternate as a sovereign state.
Despite having lost their power, the next few sultan of Ternate Ternate still struggling issued from the clutches of the Netherlands. With limited capacity for always being watched they are only able to support the struggle of the people secretly. The last one in 1914 Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman Shah (1896-1927) mobilize popular resistance in areas of power, began in the Banggai region under the leadership of Hairuddin Tomagola but failed.
In Jailolo Tudowongi people, Tuwada and Kao led Capita Banau managed incur losses in the Netherlands, many Dutch soldiers were killed including the Netherlands Controleur Agerbeek and their headquarters was ransacked. However, because the military superiority and more complete arsenal owned by the Dutch resistance is successfully broken, Banau capita was arrested and sentenced to hang. Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman Shah proved to be involved in this rebellion is therefore based on the decision of the Dutch Government, dated 23 September 1915 no. 47, Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman Shah removed as the sultan and all his property confiscated, he was exiled to Bandung in 1915 and died there in 1927.
Post a decrease Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman Shah sultan office was vacant for 14 years and is run by Jogugu traditional administration and the Board of the empire. Had appeared the Dutch government wishes to remove the Sultanate of Ternate but the intention it was canceled for fear of a backlash that could trigger a new uprising Ternate while being away from the center of the Dutch government in Batavia.
In the age now entering the age of 750 years, the Sultanate of Ternate still survive albeit merely cultural symbol.
